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Over 200 viruses infect humans, and all rely on living host cells to survive. In doing so, they induce striking changes to the cell and its environment. Scientists like are investigating these changes to better understand the complex virus–host relationship.

Ileana Cristea

Cristea recently shared her research on the ¾ÅÓÎÌåÓý webinar Breakthroughs, a series highlighting research from ASBMB journals. A professor of molecular biology and director of graduate studies at Princeton University, she also serves as editor-in-chief of Molecular & Cellular Proteomics. During her talk, sponsored by ¾ÅÓÎÌåÓý, Cristea discussed how viral infections reshape organelles and cellular metabolism and how these changes relate to broader disease biology.

One key intracellular change during viral infection, Cristea said, is organelle remodeling. Organelles — such as mitochondria, which drive energy production, and the endoplasmic reticulum, or ER, which synthesizes proteins and lipids — are often disrupted by viruses.

“Diverse viruses that infect so many different types of cells (and) have different replication strategies, different genomes, they're united by this need to induce organelle remodeling,” she said.

Illustration of human cytomegalovirus virions.

Cristea and colleagues observed that cells infected with human cytomegalovirus, or HCMV, a double-stranded DNA virus, exhibited mitochondrial fragmentation; but, in HCMV-infected cells, it surprisingly increased cellular respiration. The team turned to mass spectrometry-based proteomics and microscopy to investigate.

They : small mitochondrial fragments induced by HCMV infection became encased in ER pockets. They named these new structures mitochondria–ER encapsulations, or MENCs. Studies across various HCMV strains and cell types confirmed MENCs as a consistent feature of late-stage infection.

revealed that MENCs helped sustain high cellular respiration, ultimately benefiting the virus. Similar patterns of elevated metabolism despite mitochondrial fragmentation had been seen in other diseases.

Courtesy of Ileana Cristea (10.1038/s41467-024-51680-4)

Cartoon representing our findings of mitochondria undergoing peripheral fission at three-way ER–mito–lysosome contacts after HCMV infection, the progenies of which exhibit suppressed mitophagy as well as elevated membrane potential.

“When we thought about this, we immediately thought about cancer, because HCMV is known to be also an oncomodulatory virus, and in cancer, we see mitochondrial fragmentation,” Cristea said.

In metastatic melanoma cells, the team observed the same phenomenon: fragmented mitochondria encapsulated in MENCs with high bioenergetic activity — and MENC formation correlated with greater cancer severity.

In addition to organelle remodeling, viral infection disrupts metabolism, notably increasing levels of the byproduct lactate. While lactate is known to dampen immunity in cancer, its role in viral infection was unclear.

In a recent study, Cristea’s team found that . Proteomics analysis of cells infected with HCMV, or the herpes simplex 1 virus, called HSV-1, showed lactate-modified host defense proteins. This lactylation, occurring in intrinsically disordered regions, inhibited immune signaling and promoted infection.

Cristea’s research also explores how viruses influence the space outside infected cells. Her team found that to promote infection. Using a fluorescence-based assay, they observed that infection in one cell disrupted cell division and weakened immune responses in neighboring cells. This priming helped HCMV, HSV-1 and influenza viruses spread more easily.

“We thought initially that (the neighboring cells should) be ready for defense because this cell is becoming infected, but actually they have dampened immunity,” she said.

While much of Cristea’s work has largely focused on viral infections, her lab is now exploring whether the same cellular mechanisms underlie other diseases, including cancer.

In case you missed it, here's the full Breakthroughs webinar.